今まで述べてきた，ランドパワー・シーパワー・エアパワーなどの地政学用語について補足しておきたい。そもそも，地政学・政治学・軍事学上で用いられるパワーとは，何なのだろうか。Wikipediaを引いてみると，
Political power (imperium in Latin) is a type of power held by a group in a society which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labour, and wealth. There are many ways to obtain possession of such power. At the nation-state level political legitimacy for political power is held by the representatives of national sovereignty. Political powers are not limited to heads of states, however the extent to which a person (such as Joseph Kony, Subcomandante Marcos, or Russell Means) or group such as an insurgency, terrorist group, or multinational corporation possesses such power is related to the amount of societal influence they can wield, formally or informally. In many cases this influence is not contained within a single state and it refers to international power.
Political scientists have frequently defined power as “the ability to influence the behaviour of others” with or without resistance.
For analytical reasons, I.C. MacMillan[1] separates the concepts power
Power is the capacity to restructure actual situations.
—I.C. Macmillan
and influence
Influence is the capacity to control and modify the perceptions of others.
—I.C. Macmillan
Political Power @wikipedia
Power projection (or force projection) is a term used primarily in American military and political science to refer to the capacity of a state to conduct expeditionary warfare, i.e. to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory. The United States Department of Defense, in its publication J1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, further defines power projection as
The ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power – political, economic, informational, or military – to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability. [1]
This ability is a crucial element of a state’s power in international relations. Any state able to direct its military forces outside the limited bounds of its territory might be said to have some level of power projection capability, but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach (or at least significantly broader than a state’s immediate area). Even states with sizable hard power assets (such as a large standing army) may only be able to exert limited regional influence so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale. Generally, only a select few states are able to overcome the logistical difficulties inherent in the deployment and direction of a modern, mechanized military force.
While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets (tanks, soldiers, aircraft, naval vessels, etc.), the developing theory of soft power notes that power projection does not necessarily have to involve the active use of military forces in combat. Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries’ militaries during the humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake illustrates. The ability of a state to project its forces into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making process and acting as a potential deterrent on other states’ behavior.
Power Projection @wikipedia
政治学においてのパワーの定義は，「他者の行動に影響を与える能力」である。言い換えれば，他者を自分の意のままにコントロールすることが可能ならば，それはパワーという言葉の範疇にくくることが出来る。従来は，パワーといえば軍事力などのハードパワーを指すことが多かったが，現在の世の中では，国際政治の舞台でいかに効果的に政治・経済・軍事・情報などのパワーを行使するかという点が重要視されている。ジョセフ・ナイの唱えるソフト・パワー，スマート・パワー論は，軍事力・情報力・恫喝・娯楽・などを複合したパワーのオペレーション方法と言えるかも知れない。
ソフト・パワー（Soft Power）とは、国家が軍事力や経済力などの対外的な強制力によらず、その国の有する文化や政治的価値観、政策の魅力などに対する支持や理解、共感を得ることにより、国際社会からの信頼や、発言力を獲得し得る力のことである。対義語はハード・パワー。
ソフト・パワー @wikipedia
小国にもかかわらず圧倒的な発言力を握っているイスラエルなどは（ロビー活動や，金融支配，ホロコーストなどの宣伝戦などを通じ）総合的なパワーを有していると言える。
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